Journal of Phytopathology and Pest Management 5(2): 12-24, 2018
pISSN:2356-8577 eISSN: 2356-6507
Journal homepage: http://ppmj.net/
∗
Corresponding author:
F.K. Aly Marwa,
E-mail: dr.mero_83@yahoo.com
12
Copyright © 2018
Monitoring the fluctuations of certain
piercin sucking pests infesting cucumber
plants at Sohag governorate, Egypt
M.M. Tantawy, S.H. Hammouda, F.K. Aly Marwa
*
, H.H. Mekhemer
Plant Protection Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Minia University, Minia, Egypt
Abstract
Keywords: fluctuation, piercing- sucking pest, cucumber plants, autumn plantation, spring plantation.
The population fluctuations of five piercingsucking pests; melon aphid, Aphis gossypii
(Glover); cotton whitefly, Bemisia tabaci (Genn.); potato leafhopper, Empoasca
decipiens (Paoli); onion thrips, Thrips tabaci (Lind.) and two-spotted spider mite,
Tetranychus urticae (Koch) were investigated on Hail cucumber variety during
autumn and spring plantation from 2014 to 2016 seasons. As a result in autumn
plantation, population of aphid and whitefly had one peak during 2014 and 2015
seasons , meanwhile, thrips population recorded three peaks in the same seasons.
Otherwise, in spring plantationin 2015 and 2016 seasons, the populations of aphid
and thrips recorded three peaks and one peak, respectively. In the meantime, the
whitefly’s population showed three and two peaks, respectively. Leafhopper was the
lowest sucking insect attacked cucumber during the two plantations throughout
2014, 2015 and 2016 growing seasons. The two-spotted spider mite only observed on
spring plantation 2015 and 2016 and recorded one peak through the growing
seasons. It could be concluded that planting date is effective on population
fluctuations of piercing sucking pest and can be avoided by planting in late planting
date.
Tantawy et al., 2018
13
Introduction
Cucumber
Cucumis sativus
L. is one of
the most important cucurbitaceous
vegetable crops in Egypt, as it is grown
under different environmental conditions,
open fields and greenhouses for local
consumption and exportation purposes. It
is cultivated in many areas included the
old and new reclaimed lands (Hanafy et
al, 2014). In this interim, cucumber plants
are attacked by many piercing-sucking
arthropod pests such as the cotton aphid,
Aphis gossypii
(Glover); tomato whitefly
,
Bemisia tabaci
(Genn.); onion thrips,
Thrips tabaci
(Lind.); potato leafhopper,
Empoasca decipiens
(Paoli) and the two-
spotted spider mite,
Tetranychus urticae
(Koch). (Hussein et al
.
, 2015; Oltean et
al., 2012; Hanafy, 2004; Jan et al., 2003;
Abdel-Hafiz, 2002; Higgins, 1992;
Nozato, 1988; Coudriet et al., 1985).
Further, these pests were mainly known
as field crop pests in tropical and sub-
tropical countries. They are broadly
polyphagous causing both direct and
indirect damage on cucumber plants for
instance;excessive piercing removal,
promoting the growth of sooty mold,
vectoring plant viruses (Van Lenteren &
Noldus, 1990; Cock, 1986; Perkins,
1983) and appreciable reduction in yield
(Varma et al., 2013; El-Lakawah et al.,
2011; Tomczyk & Pilko 1996; Kherebe et
al., 1984). It could be observed that, the
cucumber plants cultivated in the late
planting date harboured a relatively
higher number of piercing sucking pest as
thrips (
T. tabaci
). Meanwhile, the plants
of the early planting date harboured
relatively lower numbers of the pest
(Mohamed, 2012). Other researchers
reported, the infestation rate of
T. tabaci
increased by delaying planting date (Abd
El-Karim, 2010; Emam et al., 2006;
Bairwa et al., 2005; Hanafy, 2004;
ElRefai & Emam, 1994; Rizk et al.,
1990). However, planting season is very
important factor in the culture control,
whereas many researchers pay attention
to investigate the effect of planting
season on population fluctuations of
different piercing sucking pests all over
the world. Otherwise, climate changes
may affect population dynamics directly
or indirectly through shifting survival,
behaviour, and life cycles of insects
(Boggs & Inouye, 2012). Whereas,
increasing temperature could facilitate
physiology and reproduction of insects at
an individual level (Ullé et al. 2010).
However, whether climate changes could
affect pest damage and population
dynamics at a community level is still
largely unknown. Increasing temperature
may positively affect development,
longevity, and fecundity. Please here
write the the effect on planting on
population and used a references. The the
relationship between the importance of
peak population and IPM the weather
condition especially the temperature as a
main factor influencing the population
dynamics. Then write the importance of
your study in Sohag region, especially
Sohag is one promised in vegetable
production. Herein, the goal of this
research is to study the population
fluctuations of piercing sucking pests on
cucumber varieties during autumn and
spring cultivations to predict the
outbreaks of these pests which could be a
good point in case of piercing sucking
pest control at Sohag region, especially
Sohag is one of promised vegetable
production in Egypt.
Materials and methods
Cucumber cultivations:
The
experiments were carried-out from
September 2014 until February 2016 in a
new private reclaimed farm at a Awlad-
Azzaz village, about 18 kilometers West
Tantawy et al., 2018
14
of Sohag governorate, Egypt. How about
the other traditional treatments like
fertilization and irrigation and herbicides
if used, all these factors affects the
population dynamics. All the agriculture
practices were done as recommended for
recent reclaiming lands.
Autumn plantation:
Cucumber variety
Hail (PS 410832) was cultivated in area
of 400 m
2
, which divided to 4 replicates
(plots) with a randomized complete block
design (RCBD), each plot about 100 m
2
.
Seeds were sown on September13
th
and
15
th
during 2014 and 2015,
respectively. This area was utilized for
determination of the population
fluctuations of piercing sucking pests.
SV = (4/3) (π) (r
3
)
Spring plantation:
To compare the
population fluctuations of piercing
sucking pests in spring plantation in the
Hail (PS 410832) a cultivated area of 400
m
2
for each variety was divided into 4
replicates. Seeds were sown on February
14
th
and 16
th
during 2015 and 2016,
respectively.
Sampling collection and data analysis:
Leaf sampling was started on September
22
nd
, 2014 and 2015 for autumn
cultivation, while for spring cultivation,
leaves were started to be sampled on
February 22
nd
, 2015 and 2016 with 3
days intervals until harvest or until the
crop was discarded. Ten leaves were
collected randomly that representing
different stages of the canopy from each
replicate. Samples were collected in the
early morning in the field and the number
of adults were counted, then kept in a
paper bags after that and transferred to
the laboratory to inspect the immature
stages of piercing-sucking pests with the
aid of light microscope. Direct count
technique was done according to
Southwood
(1978) and Gusmao
et al.
(2006). Statistical analysis was
conducted using ANOVA-one way,
followed by LSD Test by using Co-stat
6.4 computer program according to Steel
and Torrie (1981).
Results and Discussion
Population fluctuations of piercing
sucking pests in autumn and spring
plantations:
Survey studies on cucumber
plants cultivated in Sohag revealed that
the
A.gossypii
,
B.
tabaci
,
E. decipiens
,
T. tabaci
and
T. urticae
were the key of
important piercing sucking pests that
infesting Hail variety during autumn and
spring plantations throughout three
successive years of 2014, 2015 and 2016.
Autumn plantation of
A. gossypii
:
Data
indicated that (Figure 1a), the population
density of
A. gossypii
had one peak
during the 2014 and 2015 seasons. In
2014 season, the aphid infestation started
early 7 days after sowing on September
22
nd
with mean numbers of 1.5
individuals /10 leaves). However, in
2015 season aphid infestation occurred
late 12 days after sowing with mean
numbers of 2.3 individuals /10 leaves on
September 25
th
. Then aphids increased
sharply to reach the maximum as 207.5
and 202.3 individuals 10 leaves on
October 29
th
and 23
rd
, then, it decreased
gradually to reach values of 150.3 and
97.5 individuals /10 leaves on November
17
th
and 13
th
the two successive seasons.
Tantawy et al., 2018
15
Spring plantation of
A. gossypii
:
Data
revealed that,
A. gossypii
appeared on
February 22
nd
during 2015 and 2016
seasons and recorded 49.8 and 11.5
individuals/10 leaves. Then, the
populations increased gradually to
recoded three peaks in 2015 and one peak
2016 season. The mean numbers were
285.5, 139.3 and 93.8 individuals /10
leaves, which recorded as peaks on
March, 27
th
and April, 3
rd
and 12
th
respectively, in the first season.
However, the mean number was187.8
individuals /10 leaves that recorded as a
peak on March 30
th
in the second season.
After that, the population decreased
gradually until the end of each season
(Figure 1b).
Figure 1: Population fluctuations of aphid infesting cucumber plants (Hail variety) during autumn plantation 2014 and
2015 seasons and spring plantation 2015 and 2016 seasons.
Tantawy et al., 2018
16
Autumn plantation of
B. tabaci
:
Data
presented in Figure (2) a showed that
B.
tabaci
was recorded after one week from
sowing for 2014 season, while in 2015
season it appeared in the second week.
Whitefly population (nymphs and adults)
increased gradually to reach the highest
record (236 and 133.5 individuals /10
leaves) on October 26
th
and 23
rd
during
2014 and 2015 seasons, before the insect
population dropped gradually to reach
157 and 113.8 individuals / 10 leaves on
November17
th
and 15
th
through 2014 and
2015 seasons.
Spring plantation of
B. tabaci
:
Data
showed that the whitefly,
B. tabaci
was
recorded on spring on cucumber
throughout the first inspection in both
seasons of the study with mean numbers
of 36.8 and 10.0 individuals / 10 leaves
(adults plus nymphs), (Figure 2b). In
2015 growing season, the peaks were
observed on March 6
th
and 27
th
and April
12
th
with mean numbers of 92.5, 134.5
and 167.8 individuals / 10 leaves,
respectively. While in 2016 season, two
peaks were spotted on March 24
th
and
April 18
th
with mean numbers of 206.3
and 206.5 individuals / 10 leaves, ,
before it decreased gradually to the end
of 2015 season. In contrast, the
population mean increased to reach its
maximum by the end of 2016 season.
Figure 2: Population fluctuations of whitefly infesting cucumber plants (Hail variety) during
autumn plantation 2014 and 2015 seasons and spring plantation 2015 and 2016 seasons.
Tantawy et al., 2018
17
Autumn plantation of
T. tabaci
:
Cucumber leaves infestation started one
week after sowing 2014 season and 9
days in 2015 season with mean numbers
of 0.5 and 9.8 individuals/10 leaves,
(Figure 3a). Three peaks were observed
in both growing seasons of 2014 and
2015. The mean numbers were 12.5, 25
and 20.8 individuals /10 leaves which
recorded as peaks on September 28
th
,
October 11
th
and 20
th
, respectively during
the first season. Meanwhile the mean
numbers of 85, 63.3 and 43.3 individuals
/ 10 leaves were recorded as peaks on
October 20th, 26
th
and November 8
th
,
respectively during the 2015 season.
Spring plantation of
T. tabaci
:
The
onion thrips,
T. tabaci
began to attack
leaves in the first inspection with mean
numbers of 98.3 and 15.0 individuals /
10 leaves in both 2015 and 2016
seasons, (Figure 3b). The population of
thrips demonstrated three peaks in first
season, on February 28
th
, March 9
th
and
April 9
th
with mean numbers of 110.5 m
256.3 and 91.8 individuals / 10 leaves,
respectively. In 2016 season, the
maximum number was recoded on
March 27
th
with mean number of 261
individuals / 10 leaves. Then the
population decreased gradually to the
end of the season.
Figure 3: Population fluctuations of thrips infesting cucumber plants (Hail variety) during autumn
plantation 2014 and 2015 seasons and spring plantation 2015 and 2016 seasons.
Tantawy et al., 2018
18
Autumn plantation of
E. decipiens
:
Leaf hopper population was slightly
abundant on cucumber plants. However,
the first appearance was recorded on
October 8
th
during 2014 and October 5
th
through 2015 season. The maximum leaf
hopper numbers on October 29
th
was 5.8
individuals / 10 leaves during 2014
growing season compared with an
average of 5.0 individuals / 10 leaves on
November 11
th
during 2015 growing
season (Figure 4a).
Spring plantation of
E. decipiens
:
Regarding to the leafhopper,
E. decipiens
infestation started on March 12
th
and 3
rd
in 2015 and 2016 growing seasons, with
mean numbers of 0.5 and 2.0 individuals
/ 10 leaves,. The maximum numbers of
leaf hopper were recorded on March 27
th
and 24
th
(41.0 and 45.5 individuals / 10
leaves in 2015 and 2016 seasons,). It
worth mentioned that, the last three
sampling dates cleared completely from
leaf hopper in the first season.
Meanwhile, the population decreased
gradually to the end of the second
season. Furthermore, the population
increased gradually and maximized one
time in both seasons (Figure 4b).
Figure 4: Population fluctuations of leaf hopper infesting cucumber plants (Hail variety) during
autumn plantation 2014 and 2015 seasons and spring plantation 2015 and 2016 seasons.
Tantawy et al., 2018
19
Autumn plantation of
T. urticae
:
Spider mite pest was not observed during
autumn plantation for both seasons 2014
and 2015.
Spring plantation of
T. urticae
:
The
mite infestation began to appear on
February 28
th
and 22
nd
with mean
numbers of 28.5 and 7.8 individuals / 10
leaves in the both studied seasons,
(Figure 5). It is evident that this pest was
the dominant piercing sucking pest on
cucumber in the spring plantation
throughout both seasons. One peak was
shown on
April 18
th
of 2015 and 2016
seasons with mean numbers of 217 and
288.3 individuals / 10 leaves,
Significantly,
B. tabaci
recorded the
highest number on cucumber leaves
followed by
A. gossypii
during 2014
season, 134.2 and 121.3 individuals/ 10
leaves, (Table 1). Otherwise, the aphid
was the greatest through 2015 season
followed by the whitefly (101.7 and 97.6
individuals/ 10 leaves,). Meanwhile,
T.
tabaci
was the less abundant pest in both
seasons (9.9 and 42.7 individuals/ 10
leaves). However,
E. decipiens
was the
lowest sucking insect infesting cucumber
in both studied growing seasons of 2014
and 2015 (1.1 and 0.7 individuals/ 10
leaves,).
Figure 5: Population fluctuations of spider mite infesting cucumber plants (Hail variety) during spring plantation 2015
and 2016 seasons.
In this respect, Aly (1990) reported that,
aphid and whitefly are considered as a
main sucking pest infesting cucumber
and other vegetables in Minia
governorate, Egypt. Also, Abdel-Rahman
et al. (2016) stated that,
B. tabaci
was the
most abundant and seemed to be the
major pest followed by
T. urticae.
They
appended that, the piercing sucking
insects such as
A. gossypii
;
T. tabaci
and
E. decipiens
were the most numerous
pests infesting cantaloupe in Upper
Tantawy et al., 2018
20
Egypt. El-Khawalka et al. (1992)
investigated the infestation level of
vegetable crops by cotton aphid,
A.
gossypii
in Egypt They found that the
infestation levels were varied from high
on cucumber moderate on summer
squash and low on vegetable marrow. In
addition, there was a positive correlation
between the infestation rate by
A.
gossypii
and plant stage. Additionally,
Table 1: Means of population fluctuations of piercing sucking pests during autumn and spring
plantation during 2014 to 2016 seasons.
Piercing sucking pests
Significance
Autumn plantation
Spring plantation
2015
2015
2016
A. gossypii
Mean*
101.7 a
143.4 b
98.9 d
L.S.D. at 5%
6.8
10.03
7.37
Whitefly B. tabaci
Mean*
97.6 b
95.6 c
132.9 c
L.S.D. at 5%
4.5
5.65
5.37
Thrips T. tabaci
Mean*
42.7 c
146.9 a
153.8 b
L.S.D. at 5%
5.6
16.15
10.05
Leaf hopper E. decipiens
Mean*
0.7 d
9.3 e
19.9 e
L.S.D. at 5%
0.8
4.92
6.29
Spider mite T. urticae
Mean*
-
85.6 d
165.3 a
L.S.D. at 5%
-
7.45
11.13
*Means within a column followed by the same letter are not significantly different from each other
Abdel-Khalek (2005) inspected the
population fluctuation of
B. tabaci
infesting cucumber plants in new
reclaimed land and mentioned that
whitefly population was low in early
September and gradually increased to
reach its maximum on October 16
th
before declined in the end of the season
on December 18
th
. Our results for spring
plantation are in agreement with El-
Sayed et al. (1991), Fouda and
Mohammed (1994), Abdel-Khalek
(2005) and Mohamed (2012) where, they
reported that the infestation rate of
B.
tabaci
increased by delaying planting
date. In contrast with our results, Farrag
et al. (1982) recorded that, the highest
population density of
T. urticae
occurred
in summer plantation. While, our results
showed that the two-spotted spider mite
has not been observed in early planting
dates of autumn plantation. Also, our
results agreed with El-Khayat et al.
(1994) who stated that, the highest
whitefly population occurred during
September in autumn plantation form
one peak; meanwhile there were two
peaks of whitefly population in June
during summer plantation. In contrast
with our results, Kim et al
.
(1996) who
mentioned that
A. gossypii
population
was higher during autumn plantation
than it during spring plantation. Also,
Adam et al
.
(1997) studied the
population fluctuation of
B. tabaci
during autumn and spring. They recorded
that the highest infestation level occurred
during autumn plantation while, the low
infestation level was in spring plantation.
Tantawy et al., 2018
21
El-Saad and Embarak (2009) found that,
T. urticae
exhibited one peak on
cucumber in Egypt. El-Lakawah et al.
(2011) revealed that, infestation of jassid
started after 15 days of sowing and
reached maximum at 22 days after
sowing before it gradually decreased by
the end of season. Results also indicated
that the young plants had higher
biological activity and more suitable for
leafhopper reproduction than old ones. In
addition, Kanika et al. (2013) recorded
that, there was a peak of two-spotted
spider mite during the second week of
August 2011 and last week of May in
2012. It could be concluded that
population fluctuation of piercing
sucking pests were obvious in spring
plantation more than autumn plantation.
So we can recommend growers for
earlier planting date (autumn plantation)
to avoid high pest densities and their
fluctuations.
Acknowledgments
We are grateful for Plant Protection
Department, Faculty of Agriculture,
Minia University and Sohag University,
for funding research. Furthermore, we
thank Professor Salah Hussein El-Roby
for helping us in data analysis.
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